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I don’t remember where I got this, I just jotted it down in my notes.
gs -o inverted.pdf -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -c "{1 exch sub}{1 exch sub}{1 exch sub}{1 exch sub} setcolortransfer" -f original.pdf
Edit: this might well be the original post I found: https://stackoverflow.com/a/30287097
If it works for your use case. Dark Reader and a Firefox PDF tab works.
Can I save it locally as an inverted pdf?
No, but you can open it locally in Firefox. You'd just have to use that as your reader. Unfortunately I don't know if any other readers have a dark mode feature; I only discovered Dark Reader working for PDFs by accident.
SumatraPDF can.... But it's a Windows only program (run with wine, perhaps?)
zathura does this as well