There's no grid in the sky, though
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Deplete their resources by putting the fight at the end of a dungeon or other chain of different kinds of encounters
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Higher level monsters
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Smart enemies. Sit down and think about what they do as if you were playing them in someone else's game. Dumb dragons land and get murdered, smart dragons stay in the air, flame the party, and have been abusing contingency spells for the last millennium.
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Stakes other than player death. Sure we can kill these bandits, but can we do it before they get away with the orphanage fund? What if they take hostages? What are we going to do about all these fires they set on the way in?
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Make it feel more dangerous than it is by use of good description. A hippo is a relatively low level monster, but when that one player that knows how scary they are IRL realizes what you're describing, they will crap their pants.
I only recall seeing the hallway bunks in Lower Decks, and I think that was intended as a joke.
What is a "domain game"?
I don't think "reasoning" is the right perspective to examine Picard's comment from. He's not making a debate point, Picard is politely telling Ralph that he's acting like an assclown and that it WILL stop.
Sometimes restrictions breed creativity, though.
The DM can not metagame, definitionally
The secret to writing (or playing) characters that are smarter than you are is that you can take your time coming up with what they do. Maybe in-game your character has a razor wit and would have a snappy comeback for any situation. Out of game you've got a list of pre-prepared retorts you can bust out as needed.
It may be less impartial than a book with no financial connection to its subject.
I don't know where this 1982 reference point is coming from. This is a history book about a game series, not a reprint of an 80s game. If you walk into a book store and pick a history book off a shelf, even a well researched, nice, hardcover, it's like $20-25.
It's a little sus that it's published by the same company that owns Traveller now. That said, I think $7 is not a lot of money for a book you're interested in. $60 for the physical is outrageous though.
If you actually have to use that much math more than once in a blue moon, you're doing it wrong.