A place to share alternatives to popular online services that can be self-hosted without giving up privacy or locking you into a service you don't control.
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I want to set up a home server and take advantage of everything it can offer, specialty privacy.
Raspberry PI, no matter the version, are all quite expensive here in Brazil, so that's off the table. I'll go for a regular desktop. But the the requirements for a server that "does it all" remains a mystery to me.
What specs do you guys recommend?
I run about thirty services off of an old Dell workstation that I “acquired” from my last corporate job. That includes a full Servarr stack. I’m pretty sure whatever you have will probably do the trick.
depends on what you want to host. a lemmy or pleroma instance could run on an old laptop -- that's often where people start. a small minecraft server too. email can be a bit more resource intensive, but it's not that bad. mastodon can be a pain in the ass. peertube's main bottleneck tends to be upstream bandwidth. jellyfin doesn't require too much power, but if you want to transcode a "decent" GPU is preferable. i threw my old 1650 in there and it works fine for a stream or two.
EDIT: I meant QSV Gen 7, which would be intel Gen 11. Kaby Lake and up can still handle HEVC in hardware but they have to use software as well for 4K.
worth mentioning that any intel cpu with an iGPU from generation 7 (kaby lake) and up can handle 4k hevc transcode in hardware. i just upgraded my plex box to an i7 8700K and it works quite well. an old office workstation with like a 9th or 11th gen intel cpu would probably rip through transcodes.
oooooooooooo, shit
i've got an 8350k sitting around as an email server, might be time for some migrations! tho hwenc tends to be worse than sw (nvenc certainly is, but the performance makes up for it) so i might just keep it as is for now...
For sure the quality will be worse than software but typically if I'm away from home I'm watching on an ipad and then you really can't tell the difference.
It depends what you want to do with it. What do you want the server to do?
Right now I want to host movies, photos, automatic backups, files in general. Also use it for the smart home that I'm slowly putting together, basic stuff... for starters.
Someone mentioned that if I want to host 4k content I should go for a 7th gen Intel CPU or newer for HVAC support, something I didn't know, but that showcases exactly the sort of restrictions that I had in mind when I submitted this post.
Sorry it took me a while to respond, didn't expect to have this many responses.
So yes and no on that recommendation. If you are just hosting content for local consumption, transcoding is unnecessary since you have the network bandwidth to just throw the data directly to whatever is playing it. So weaker hardware is perfectly fine. If you are doing lots of concurrent streams or there is network access outside the house, the limited bandwidth can become an issue so transcoding suddenly matters and more powerful hardware comes into play.
I have used many ARM SBCs and a few low-power Intel boards like my current N100 and they’ve all been fine. While I generally dislike Intel their quicksync is very useful in media server configurations. If you are going to be doing a lot of live transcodes, I would consider throwing an ARC GPU in there and having jellyfin utilize the transcode capabilities of the Intel GPU instead of the CPU as it can handle more simultaneous streams. Beware the xe driver as there are issues with it in certain configurations. Same with HuC/GuC. The older standard driver is more likely to just work. Jellyfin and the archlinux wiki have great documentation on this.
NVIDIA used to be top tier here but their transcode tech is pretty old by this point and the quality, while acceptable, isn’t the best. Intel beats them. AMD, generally a preference for me, has a terrible media transcoder. Easily the worst quality of all of them. For raw compute and pushing pixels, AMD all the way but for transcode I would pass.
So to summarize: cheap out if it’s just local access. Transcode is pretty much unneeded. If it’s outside the home and/or had many streams at the same time, Intel for the GPU and AMD for the CPU.
I live in Brazil too and bought a R$120 old HP computer running Windows XP on MercadoLivre. Works decently enough for a Minecraft server after an upgrade (4 to 8GB of RAM). Old computers are great for price and they're good if you can upgrade them.
For general purposes, get something better than what I bought since it is not the fastest (even though it runs the Minecraft server software alright, it still lags). Maybe upgrading with an SSD would help performance.
As long as it's capable of booting into Linux, then you can start building a homelab...
Initially I had a 2-bay Synology NAS, and a Raspberry Pi 3B... It was very modest, but enough to stream media to my TV and run a bunch of different stuff in docker containers.
In my house, computer hardware is handed down. I buy something to upgrade my desktop, and whatever falls off that machine is handed down to my wife or my daughter's machines, then finally it's handed down to the server.
At some point my old Core i7-920 ended up in the server. This was plenty to upgrade the server to running Kubernetes with even more stuff, and even software transcoding some media for streaming. Running BTRFS gave me the flexibility to add various used disks over time.
At some point the CPU went bad, so I bought an upgrade for my desktop, and handed my old CPU donown the can, which released an Intel Core i5-2400F for the server. At this point storage and memory started to become the main limiting factor, so I added a PCI SAS card in IT mode to add more disks.
As this point my wife needed a faster CPU, so I bought a newer used CPU for her, and her old Intel Core i7-3770 was handed down to the server. That gave quite a boost in raw CPU power.
I ended up with a spare Intel Core i5-7600 because the first motherboard I bought for my wife was dead, so I looked up and found that for very cheap I could buy a motherboard to match, so I upgraded the server which opened up proper hardware transcoding.
I have since added 2 Intel NUCs to have a highly available control plane for my cluster.
This is where my server is at right now, and it's way beyond sufficient for the media streaming, photo library, various game servers, a lot of self-hosted smart home stuff, and all sorts of other random bits and pieces I want to run.
My suggestion would be to start out by finding the cheapest possible option, and then learn what your needs are.
What do you want your server to do? What software do you want to run? What hardware do you want to connect to it? All of this will evolve as you start using your server more and more, and you will learn what you need to buy to achieve what you want to.
How complex is migrating the whole thing for a the new setup when upgrading? The best I can get with my current budget probably resembles the "quality" of your second server(first upgrade).
While on your firstly upgraded server, were there limitations to any of your self-hosting desires? Things that were only possible on your following upgrade? That's my main concern. I'm probably over thinking things, it will be my first home server, I'll probably stick the simple stuff at first.
Right now I want to host movies, photos, automatic backups, files in general. Also use it for the smart home that I'm slowly putting together, basic stuff... for starters.
The only true "roadblock" I have experienced was when running on the raspberry pi, where the CPU was too slow to do any transcoding at all, and the memory was too small and unupgradable to be able to run much at the same time.
As soon as I had migrated to a proper desktop (the i7-920) I could run basically everything I would regularly want. And from then on it was a piece of cake upgrading. Shut the machine down, unplug, swap the parts, plug in, turn on. Linux has happily booted up with no trouble with the new hardware.
Since my first server was a classic bios, and the later machines was UEFI, then that step required a reinstall... But after the reinstall, I actually just copied all the contents of the root partition over, and it just worked.
The main limiting factors for me has been the amount of memory, the amount of SATA connectors for disks, and whether the hardware supported hardware transcoding.
For memory, ensure the motherboard has 4 sockets for memory, that makes it easy to start out with a bit of memory and upgrade later. For example you could start out with 2x 4GB sticks for a total of 8GB, and then later when you feel like you need more, you buy 2x 8GB sticks. Now you have a total of 24 GB.
For SATA ports, ensure the motherboard has enough ports for your needs, and I would also strongly recommend looking for a motherboard with at least 2 PCIe 16x slots, as that will allow you too add many more SATA or SAS ports via a SAS card.
Hardware encoding is far from a must. It's only really necessary if you have a lot of media in unsupported formats by the client devices. 95% of my library is h.264 in 1080p, which is supported on pretty much everything, so it will play directly and not require any transcoding. Most 1080p media is encoded in h.264, so it's usually a non-issue. 4k media however often come in HEVC (h.265), which many devices do not support. These files will require transcoding to be playable on devices that do not support it, but a CPU can still transcode it using "software transcoding", it's just much slower and less responsive. So I would consider it a nice convenience, but definitely not a must, and it depends entirely on the encoding of the media library.
EDIT: Oh, I just remembered... Beware of non-standard hardware. For example motherboards from Dell and IBM/Lenovo. These often come with non-standard fan mounts and headers, which means you can't replace the fans. They also often have non-standard power supplies, in non-standard form factors, which means that if the power supply dies, it's nearly impossibly to replace, and when you upgrade your motherboard you are likely forced to replace the power supply as well, and since the size of the power supply isn't standard, the new power supply will not fix in the case... Many of their motherboards also have non-standard mounts for the motherboards, which means that you are forced to replace the case when upgrading the motherboard... You can often find companies selling their old workstations for dirt-cheap, which can be a great way to get started, but often these workstations are so non-standard that you practically can't upgrade them... Often the only standard components in these are harddrives, SSDs, optical disc drives, memory, and any installed PCIe cards.
Thanks for the response, it pretty much answers all questions I had in mind (I think...😅).
Take what you have, start small and learn from it.
Old laptops are great, because they have low power consumption and even pretty used up battery will give you power redundancy.
Even a 10yo laptop is something with 4-5th gen Core cpu and that has plenty of power to get you started.
This specifically depends on what you want to run.
I'd say grab any unused PC in your home or off the street and it'll work. Raspberry Pi are good for low wattage so it's not expensive to run 24/7/365.
The electricity savings would pay for itself over time vs a 10 year old random desktop.
Basically none. Grab whatever device you have on hand and install Docker on it.
The one you already have and/or if a raspberry pi 2 (all) can do it…. So can you. It’s not a game, you don’t need a RTX 9090Ti Super Omega Beta Pizza to run it.
The one you already have.
That's the thing, when I buy new devices, my old ones usually go to my parents or for donation. So I have no old tech laying around, sadly. I'll have to buy, that's the reason for the post.
You dont have to buy new. Go to a thrift store and buy used if you have nothing lying around.
I'm running an old Igel M340C thin client to run a lot of stuff, from Jellyfin to AdguardHome. Perfectly enough.
Find out if there are any corporate off-lease machines being sold in your area. USFF machines are frequently used as mini desktops or point of sale computers then sold off for peanuts when warranties are done. Especially look at i3-8xxx generation, as they don’t support windows 11 fully.
How does one find such retired laptops? As an individual hobbyist in the US, would I just monitor eBay, Craigslist, or Facebook?
One hundred percent go for USFF. Even the cheapest, most basic processor will smash server roles because it's not having to power desktop applications, graphics, window managers, etc.
Any corporate fleet machines, really. Corporate C-suite executives always demand the best laptops on the market… They also demand the newest laptops on the market. Because they can’t be seen with a worse laptop than the graphic artists or the programmers. This means there’s always fresh stock of last year’s corporate laptop hitting the used market. And they’re almost always gently used, because they just sat docked on some executive’s desk for a year, and were only used to answer emails.
Those $2000 laptops often get dropped on eBay for like $250, because the random Accounting person who has to auction them off doesn’t really care how much they sell for; They’re just checking a “was sold to recoup costs” checkbox.
I highly recommend you try proxmox to get the most potential out of you system. Basically can run many services and vm with little overhead, dynamically sharing the specs.
Now about those specs… what everybody else said really but heres some pointers:
You don't need a big dedicated gpu unless your doing something that explicitly demands it. They are tricky to setup with virtual machines also.
If you plan on running a minecraft server i recommend at least 8gb ram. Most will probably run fine on 4. You can probably run quite a few things on 8gb but ram is cheap and its nice to have some extra room.
For cpu, the more things you do the More sense it makes to have more cores. If you plan on buying then amd ryzen x y z is you best option where.
X is the number you want higher Y is a number you should not care about as much Z is potentialy the letter “G” for graphics, they are often more expensive. Get them anyway because now you dont need a dedicated gpu (and even if you already own a gpu. Trust me you will thank me if that one ever has issues)
If you really want me to draw you something decent up that will give you plenty of freedom to experiment.
Ryzen 7 … G, 32gb ram. Small ssd for os. xTB of performence HDD ideally configured as some raid in proxmox.
It still cannot be said often enough that a (well cared for) second hand unlabeled laptop running ubuntu is all what most people need when they start pondering about home servers.
As everyone have said, it depends on what you want to have in your server. I started with an old lenovo I bought in mercado livre for 200 BRL. It was a DDR2 PC with 4Gb ram. I bought an ssd and installed Debian. Used for years. After that I tried to build a DDR3 PC. Made it with 800 BRL and it's decent to run my docker containers like an arr stack, nextcloud, VPN, reverse proxy and vaultwarden.
Go wuth what you have. Old laptop? Works! Old desktop? Also works! Old android phone? Might work! (VM/terminal)
If you have a device that can run Linux, start with that. Once you get some usage you can understand if you need an upgrade, and what kind. Maybe you will findout that this old laptop that you had works perfectly and you can sace money on buying a server.
If the size and low power consumption of the Pi are what appeal to you, you can try a getting a used thin client. Lots of suggestions and specs here: http://parkytowers.me.uk/
Depends on what you want the server to do. A Minecraft server and a Pihole server have vastly different requirements. As a general rule, any old laptop or desktop will do, think on requirements for your grandma and that should cover most (except gaming servers) needs.
Literally any old PC is likely fine. It may be slow, it may struggle or even fail with some of the very complex software (perhaps you will encounter timeouts, or you will spend so much time waiting for memory to swap in or out to disk that it won't be worth using) but you can run Linux itself on a potato and if your machine isn't powerful enough, maybe you can get a second one and run different stuff on each, or just scale down your expectations and don't try to self-host LITERALLY everything just because you can. Certain services are very intense, others will run on a very small piece of a potato.
I use a random micro PC with Ubuntu installed. 2tb nvme, 16gb ram, not even sure what the cpu is
Even a Commodore 64 can be a server depending on the service it has to give.
A raspberry pi 4 or 5 and some fast USB 3 hard drives.
A computer. Seriously that's it. Of course depends on your use case (media servers usually need more than a web host for example)
My current server is just my previous desktop PC hardware. $0 when you repurpose while upgrading your desktop.