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By the way, in 2012, scientists on the LHC were able to create the highest man-made temperature, at an astounding 5 trillion K – the temperature of the universe moments after the big bang.
How do we know what the layers of the sun and earth are, and how hot they are? What methods were used to gain (or theorize) this information?
Loss and lots of science and math to model and simulate the sun in a variety of ways slowly weeding out the models that weren't making experimentally validated predictions. I'm not sure how many astronomers are around, especially sun focused ones, on Lemmy to answer you more specifically about the history of sun science.
The sun is based on physics and observing nebula and super novas. We know how much the sun weighs based on it's gravitational pull. We know what it's currently burning given the frequency of the light it emits. We know what generation it is based on the elements in the planets. And we know the contents of other stars by the light they emit when they explode and collapse.
We know the layers of the earth because we can bounce sounds off the earth's core to see how deep it is. We know roughly what it's made of because we know how much the earth weighs and that the earth has a magnetosphere (you only get that with certain metals).
The methods used are generations of built up knowledge in physics and astrophysics.
You can, of course, just google these questions and get better answers than my summation
5500C? i thought it's not that much, chemistry can get you there
apparently not
thermite tops at some 2000C-something, and in any case can't work above boiling point of aluminum (2470C)
only in few cases of adiabatic flame temperatures reach above 4000C, and all in oxygen. highest listed in wikipedia is oxygen/dicyanoacetylene at 4990C. maybe some wacky highly fluorinated oxidizer will allow for even higher temperatures. adiabatic detonation temperatures also top out at some 4500C even for the most energetic explosives
so really only practical way to get to 5500C is through use of electric arc
You're only off by about 9 zeros.
5 trillion K is a lot more than 5500 C.
He's talking about the surface of the sun
Oh, in the picture. I haven't realised it's a part of the parent comment, only read the text.
Makes way more sense then.
adiabatic detonation temperatures also top out at some 4500C even for the most energetic explosives
What if we pre-heat the room to 3000, then very quickly introduce the explosives and run away before detonation?
if there's no room left after measurement, did it really happen?
Surely a laser would be way more practical
depends on what do you want to heat up. hint: at 5500C you need to handle plasma anyway
We should at least have referred to the corona instead of the surface.
When it comes to the opposite, the coldest temperature in the known universe has actually been man-made (also in lab settings).
I only vaguely recall this, but I seem to remember reading that using lasers we can actually get things into the negative kelvins? Or maybe we get them so cold they become hot? TBH I can't remember and it confused me when I read it, but I remember it being a reputable source
Edit: yeah this is evidently a thing
That article needs an ELI5 section.
Try this one, I found it easier to at least think I understand what it's talking about: https://www.quantum-munich.de/119947/Negative-Absolute-Temperatures
Basic attempt at eli16: Temperatures are defined by entropy, rather than kinetic motion like we're used to thinking. In certain constrained systems, it's possible to create a situation where there is a maximum energy state, and saturating the particles in the system such that they're all close to that state creates a situation where the entropy starts decreasing (the system is less disordered since all particles are at the same maximum energy). That state where the entropy is decreasing is where negative temperatures exist.
End attempt. Disclaimer, I'm probably wrong, having spent just a few minutes skimming these two articles and trying to summarize what I understood.
fascinating range
Stove (while being used): 200°C to 300°C when in use.
Core of the Earth: In general, temperatures range from about 4,400°C (7,952°F) to about 6,000°C (10,800°F)
Surface of the Sun: approximately 5,500°C (9,800°F)
Core of the Sun: The Sun’s core is where nuclear fusion occurs, converting hydrogen into helium. The temperature at the Sun’s core is an astonishing 27 million°C (15 million°F) It’s the hottest part of our solar system.
Random Examples:
What do you cook at 300C in your stove ? That seems more a ‘burn everything’ temperature than ‘my meal is cooked’ temperature.
some cookies, pastry, etc. Small food objects usually require higher temps to cook better, while bigger ones like pizza are best cooked at a bit lower temps. Dont remember exactly why because I didnt like the subject lol
27million°C is only 15million°F???
Fahrenheit is a weird system
I don't know there was some conversion from celsius to farenheit like (9/5)*(°C) + a number
So farenheit should be bigger than celsius for millions afaik. Maybe the poster was mistaken?
I tried to convert online and this was the result: 48600030(48million)
tbf, by earthly standards the surface of the sun is insanely hot
Core of the Earth though
Lightning gets there.
Yep. By human standards even the surface of a stove (in operation) is insanely hot.
isn't the surface of the sun hotter than the core or am I misremembering ?
The sun’s core can reach 27 million degrees F (15 million C), and the surface temperature can reach only about 10,000 degrees F (5500 degrees C), but as Hexagon replied, the sun’s corona, which is above the surface, can also reach several million degrees as well.
You're probably thinking of the corona being hotter then the surface. It's odd because the corona is farther away from the center, and I think it is still unexplained as of today
ah yeah thats what I was thinking about sorry