It sounds like you already know how to make Web 1.0 websites.
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You can get away without a database (and assuming you don't need anything too complicated, I recommend not using one). I've had a good experience with GetSimple - it's a content management system (like WordPress) but uses regular files instead of a database. Great for basic content, and still easy to set up and manage.
Self-hosting is a bit complicated if you're not already comfortable running a Linux server. Not sure about privacy (though I'm not sure how privacy intersects a public-facing website), but there are lots of hosting providers out there. I use DreamHost and have had a great experience there.
I guess for a DB. You can use sqlite if the website is going to be small. I'd say learn SQL, but you can also use ORMs.
Why do you need a database? If you want a blog or something that's the same for all the visitors you can use a static site generator
If you are more focused on content why not to use something like wordpress? This allows you to write blogs and stuff without coding.
Wordpress needs a database
Yes, but you don't need to mess with it. Just enter the username and password during installation and you're set. I think Wordpress is one of the easiest ways to set up a website for people who, like you, aren't intricately familiar with webdev, but have some knowledge.
There's thins like jekyll or Hugo too!
If you want to get started with databases, the file-based SQLite is awesome!
Have you looked at any static site generators?
Does HTMX count for Web 1.0?
Web 1.0 means no interactivity outside of forms (client to server request<-> response cycle). Web 2.0 was the label used when sites started gaining interactivity, using Javascript.
Anonymous from who? None of what you've mentioned will keep the police out for long if you're doing things that catch their attention.