FreeCAD

The best I have is to be careful to minimize dependencies, and minimize when I change the number of faces an object has, but of course that’s unavoidable sometimes. I don’t buy it that all CAD tools have the same problem or that this is how real professional CAD designers would work, though.

To minimize dependencies for example, instead of drawing the sketch for pad 2 directly on a face of pad 1, I might draw it on the base plane and transform the sketch to line up with pad 1’s face. The main consequence is that I need to manually move pad 2’s sketch if I change the size/position of pad 1. It’s a tradeoff, because I’m giving up some of the benefits of parametric CAD in exchange for easier fix-up.

I agree, mapping a datum plane to a face should have the same topo naming issue as just drawing on the face, so I don’t know why the guide would suggest that. The comment below about mapping datum planes to a simplified skeleton is interesting though.

The good news is that the next release (which sounds imminent) apparently improves it quite a bit.

What makes those methods better?

Disclaimer, I'm at a sortof "advanced hobbyist" level of cad. My understanding of the topological naming problem in general is that it exists in all cad because it is a sortof byproduct of how computers keep track of data about 3 dimensional objects. If you make a cube, all the sides need to have an identifier associated with them. If you put a hole in that cube, you now have more identifiers and have to decide what ordering makes sense. It sounds easy to work around with a cube but when models get really complex it's not so easy, especially when you change something way back at the beginning which creates more or less faces in the middle of the list somewhere.

Freecad isn't making the topological naming problem "go away". They are creating (or rather merging, it's been around a long time) an algorithm that makes a better guess at what the order should be, rather than sticking new faces in the list and reordering without any consideration of what happened after that face was created. This is, as far as I understand, also how other CAD packages do it, and you can still back yourself into a topological naming problem if you try hard enough (or don't try at all I guess) in both freecad with the new changes applied, and in other CAD packages.

So "best practice" is to be smart about the attachment of your geometry thinking about how things might change in the future, rather than clicking the closest face whenever you need a sketch plane. In reality modern proprietary cad is so good at guessing and maintaining consistency that it doesn't matter unless your model is horrendously complex and whoever made it didn't pay any attention to laying out the base sketches in an organized way.

For example if you make a flange but you're not quite sure about the thickness, base the sketch for say, the holes, on the parallel origin and offset it by the height of the pad or the length of the sketched geometry. Or use a spreadsheet or variableset for the value of both the thing that you define the thickness with, and the offset from the origin plane. That way if the value changes, nothing will break.

I made a test model but it isn't something that shows up well in a single screenshot unfortunately. See the "Flange Thickness" and z offset parameters in the property view. I used that for the flange dimensions, and the hole sketch offset.

When I'm using FreeCAD, I'll use a spreadsheet for all of my variables, so everything is linked together by formulas. Next, I'll use datum planes rather than drawing directly on object faces (which completely solves topological naming), although I wouldn't attach the plane to the surface--just geometrically define the distance and angle in the spreadsheet and reference it directly (e.g. if I want a datum plane halfway up my object, I'll make its height h/2)