Linux

hyprland

A wayland compositor and tiling window manager. The lead developer of the project is a Polish transphobic workaholic.

why do ppl use the CLI for things like making and moving files? i find the GUI easier and faster as well as less prone to mistakes

If you understand how shell scripting works you can easily automate menial tasks. CLI is also an interface shared by all operating systems so if you know how to work around in a shell you're not bound to any particular workflow/desktop GUI. Keep using GUIs though, they exist for a reason.

what is wayland and xorg, and why does everyone argue about them

Both are display protocols that are in charge of displaying graphics to your screen. Xorg is over 30 years old while wayland is only about 15 years old. The polemic about xorg was that the codebase was unmanageable and the design architecture of the program was inherently flawed (example: screenlocker getting access to your entire screen including apps and desktop, making writing malware for x11 a 3 line python script). X11 was designed during a time when people were using actual real life terminals and mainframes. Wayland is much more modern and akin to how modern graphics APIs are handled (for the most part)

Wayland at its core has and always will be design by committee so a lot of the arguing is necessary (though sometimes long-winded) to make sure to not repeat xorg's mistakes. Protocols take months if not years to be merged into wayland and those protocols have to be implemented by wayland compositors themselves rather than sharing 1 program altogether like with xorg.

Watch this video for more information, explains it much better and is from an actual wayland board member.

Why YOU should write a Wayland compositor – Victoria Brekenfeld – HiP22 Berlin

IDK exactly what hyprland is. I think it is a Wayland DE or WM or something. Seems to be popular on unixporn.

I like CLI 'cause I use it a lot for servers and find a file manager to usually be more than I need, though sometimes being able to see all the icons in a GUI or whatever can be nice. I also use a linux server that I manage through the terminal, so I am used to it.

Wayland and xorg are display servers. They basically help draw windows on the screen, and help with input to different windows and things. Xorg has been around a while and has good support, but has security issues. The main one that I know of is that all keystrokes are sent to all running apps in xorg, so making keyloggers is really easy. Wayland is more secure in that regard, but has performance and stability issues, especially on nvidia GPUs. People argue about them because people like to argue, idk.

Edit: Wayland user in case you want to know bias.

it's faster for me to type out cp -r source/directory destination/directory than it is to open a file manager, navigate to my source, ctrl-a ctrl-c navigate to my destination, ctrl-v. this is not always true. look at the work done by the plan9 people to learn more

idk what hyprland is specifically, but it's either a window manager or compositor or something for use with wayland.

wayland and xorg are ways to do graphical user interfaces in unix systems. wayland is supposed to fix problems that have long been solved or worked around in xorg. it's new and doesn't workor support everything. xorg is old and has problems but it works very well.

Xorg is a display server for Linux ecosystem. Every ecosystem has a display server. It is what makes it possible for you to have graphical applications with movable windows that can talk to each other, or have a mouse cursor that can click on things.

Wayland is a replacement for Xorg because Xorg is old and its developers said an alternative is needed. Wayland has differences that I won't discuss here, but I'll be happy to do so if you ask.

Hyprland is a wayland compositor. A compositor is basically an implementation of wayland (there are many) and gives you a windowing system that you can run graphical applications through. It is usually a lot more minimal than having a full graphical desktop like KDE or Gnome.

Hyprland belongs to a class of comositors called "tiling", which forces windows to be in a tiling formation. In other words, windows do not overlap or stack on top of each other. Hyprland stands out in having a lot of eye candy and visual effects.

I use CLI for moving files, etc. After you use it for a while, you find out it can be more efficient, faster, and more pleasant to work with.

Look in /var/log/Xorg.0.log for Xorg errors.

Check if OpenGL is okay by running glxinfo (from the package mesa-utils) and checking in the first few lines for "direct rendering: Yes".

Check if Vulkan is okay by running vulkaninfo (from the package vulkan-tools) and seeing... if it throws errors at you, I guess. There are probably some specific things you could look for but I'm not familiar enough with Vulkan yet.

You could sudo dmesg and read through looking for problems, but there might be a lot of noise to sift through. I'd start by piping it through grep -i nvidia to look for driver-specific stuff.

Might be worth running nvidia-settings and poking around to see if anything seems amiss. Not sure what you'd actually be looking for, but yeah.

Sometimes switching from linux and nvidia to linux-lts and nvidia-lts can help if the problem is in the kernel or driver. Remember to switch both of these at the same time, since drivers need to match the kernel.

You could also try switching from the nvidia drivers to nouveau. Might offer temporary relief and help narrow down where the problem is, at the expense of probably worse performance in heavy games. Ought to be fine for 2D gaming and general desktopping.

Trying a different window manager is always an option. Don't know how much hassle that is when you use a full DE; I've always been the "just grab individual lightweight pieces and slap 'em together" sort so I don't have any real experience with KDE. But yeah. Find out what the right way to change WM is for your system, then try swapping over to Openbox or something minimal like that and see what happens.

Related to WM/DE, it could be an issue with the compositor maybe. Look up whatever KDE's compositor is and see if you can turn it off and run a different one?

Both Debian and Ubuntu come with nonfree firmware blobs by default. Nonfree drivers such as the Nvidia proprietary driver can be installed graphically in Ubuntu if you open the drivers app.

Debian instructions are here and involves adding the non-free contrib repos to your /etc/apt/sources.list and then installing the nvidia-driver package

The general answer is to enable the RPM Fusion repos. But that won't automagically install the drivers for you, you'll need to manually identify what's needed and install them accordingly. This guide is a decent starting point: https://www.fosslinux.com/134505/how-to-install-key-drivers-on-your-fedora-system.htm

But also consider simply using a distro/spin that has all the drivers included (or automates the install), such as Nobara, or one of the Fedora Universal Blue distros.

Agreed. @[email protected], I think this would be a great idea - making a weekly megathread for Linux questions, preferably also stickied for visibility.

MOAR SOCKS

Mint would probably work for you. Some stuff is outdated, but it has flatpak which is a package manager with more up to date apps. If you're willing to put in the time though, I'd recommend trying some of the more common distros out (Mint, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora). You can use a liveusb to test them without installing.

Steam is available anywhere so that's not a problem.

Discord officially only has a .deb package, so that's only for Debian based distros (Debian, Ubuntu, Mint). There are other options for almost all distros though - I personally use Webcord

Fl studio might be tricky - supposedly it runs through wine but you might have to do a bit of work. I've personally used Reaper and I works great.

You want a disk imager like clonezilla or something. If you’re not ready for that just show hidden files and copy your /home/your_username directory to a usb or something. That’s where all your files live.

timeshift is pretty good, but bootable btrfs snapshots are even better

This is 80% of my usage of awk and sed:

"ugh, I need the 4th column of this print out": command | awk '{print $4}'

Useful for getting pids out of a ps command you applied a bunch of greps to.

”hm, if I change all 'this' to 'that' in the print out, I get what I want": command | sed "s/this/that/g"

Useful for a lot of things, like "I need to change the urls in this to that" or whatever.

Basically the rest I have to look up.

Awk is a programming language designed for reading files line by line. It finds lines by a pattern and then runs an action on that line if the pattern matches. You can easily write a 1-line program on the command line and ask Awk to run that 1-line program on a file. Here is a program to count the number of "comment" lines in a script:

awk 'BEGIN{comment_count=0;} /^[[:space:]]*[#]/{comment_count++;} END{print(comment_count);}' file.sh

It is a good way to inspect the content of files, espcially log files or CSV files. But Awk can do some fairly complex file editing operations as well, like collating multiple files. It is a complete programming language.

Sed works similar to Awk, but it is much simplified, and designed mostly around CLI usage. The pattern language is similar to Awk, but the commands are usually just one or two letters representing actions like "print the line" or "copy the line to the in-memory buffer" or "dump the in-memory buffer to output."

If you’re gonna dive into sed and awk, I’d also highly recommend learning at least the basics of regular expressions. The book Mastering Regular Expressions has been tremendously helpful for me.

Edit: a letter. Stupid autocorrect.

Awk lets you do operations based on patterns. You can make little scripts and mini programs with it.

Sed lets you edit streams.

Almost everything can be treated like a stream so with those two tools you have the power to do damn near everything ever.

There’s a book called sed & awk that’s real good.